This is a working overview of Bremelanotide, written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.
This page was last updated on 2026-03-10 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
The molecular backbone consists of seven amino acid residues joined into a ring through a disulfide bridge. This cyclic conformation is critical for receptor binding. The sequence includes an acetylated N-terminus and an amidated C-terminus, modifications that improve resistance to enzymatic breakdown. One residue is in the D-configuration, a feature that further stabilizes the peptide against protease activity. Together, the ring structure and specific stereochemistry determine selectivity among melanocortin receptor subtypes.
Across literature and commercial listings, the substance appears under several names, including bremelanotide, PT-141, and various brand designations. A CAS registry number provides a unique identifier for the compound, aiding retrieval from chemical databases. Synonym lists may also contain early development codes and descriptive chemical names. When consulting sources, researchers need to confirm that the cited names refer to the same molecular structure to avoid confusion. Naming consistency matters especially when comparing analytical data across publications.
Development began with intranasal formulations investigated for erectile dysfunction, but blood pressure elevation limited that route and prompted a switch to subcutaneous delivery. Clinical testing then shifted toward hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women, and a subcutaneous product received United States approval in 2019. Later trials examined other populations with mixed results, and questions about effect size, durability and patient selection remain open in the peer-reviewed literature. Research interest continues in parallel with the broader melanocortin field, where several synthetic analogues are studied together.
PT-141 is the research code for bremelanotide, a cyclic heptapeptide derived from alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. The molecule belongs to the melanocortin receptor agonist family and shows highest affinity for the MC4 receptor subtype, with weaker activity at MC1, MC3 and MC5. Its structure retains the core His-Phe-Arg-Trp sequence that defines melanocortin recognition, while cyclization and terminal modifications improve metabolic stability relative to the parent hormone. Early work classified the compound as a centrally acting agent rather than a peripherally acting vasodilator, which shaped subsequent development priorities.
Receptor activation in hypothalamic and limbic circuits is the mechanism most often cited for the observed effects on sexual desire. Signalling through MC4R couples to Gs proteins and raises intracellular cyclic AMP, which in turn modulates dopaminergic tone in reward-related pathways. Because the peptide reaches the central nervous system after subcutaneous administration, peripheral vascular changes are regarded as secondary rather than primary. The precise neural circuits that translate receptor occupancy into behavioural change remain incompletely mapped, and published accounts describe the pathway in general terms rather than as a fully resolved sequence.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Cyclic peptide | Melanocortin receptor agonist family |
| Molecular weight | Approximately 1025 Da | Free base form |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Lyophilized product |
| Solubility | Soluble in water | Also dissolves in polar organic solvents |
| Storage temperature | -20 degrees Celsius | Dry and protected from light |
Bremelanotide is a moderately large peptide with a molecular mass near 1025 daltons. In lyophilised form it appears as a white to off-white powder and is freely soluble in water and other polar solvents. The intact lactam ring is essential for receptor affinity, while linearised fragments bind far more weakly. Solutions are sensitive to extremes of pH and to prolonged exposure to light and heat, so handling typically involves buffered conditions and cold storage. Its short plasma half-life reflects rapid distribution and clearance rather than chemical breakdown inside the vial.
Development of the peptide passed through several delivery formats, including an intranasal version tested in early trials and an injectable version that entered later clinical study. Regulatory approval for a subcutaneous product in the United States was granted in 2019 after review of controlled trials in premenopausal women. Outside the clinic, the compound circulates in research and non-pharmaceutical markets under its code name, where identity and purity vary considerably between suppliers. Synonyms appearing across technical literature include bremelanotide, PT-141, and Palatin 141.
Bremelanotide, developed under the code PT-141, is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide analogue of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Its structure is Ac-Nle-cyclo[Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-OH, with a lactam bridge joining the aspartate and lysine side chains. The molecule has the formula C50H68N14O10 and a monoisotopic mass near 1025 daltons. It is commonly prepared as the acetate salt and appears as a white to off-white lyophilised powder in solid form. The free acid is the pharmacologically relevant species, while the counter-ion improves handling and dissolution.
Early research on PT-141 grew out of work on melanotan II, a related cyclic peptide studied for pigmentation. Investigators observed that centrally acting melanocortin agonists also influenced sexual behaviour in animal models, and the programme shifted toward that endpoint. A nasal formulation was evaluated in clinical trials but showed inconsistent absorption, and later studies used subcutaneous administration instead. Regulatory approval in the United States followed in 2019 for a defined population of premenopausal women with acquired, generalised hypoactive sexual desire disorder. That approval was specific to that group rather than a broad indication.
ASH1L (also called huASH1, ASH1, ASH1L1, ASH1-like, or KMT2H) is a histone-lysine N-methyltransferase enzyme encoded by the ASH1L gene located at chromosomal band 1q22. ASH1L is the human homolog of Drosophila Ash1 (absent, small, or homeotic-like). Ash1 was discovered as a gene causing an imaginal disc mutant phenotype in Drosophila. Ash1 is a member of the trithorax-group (trxG) of proteins, a group of transcriptional activators that are involved in regulating Hox gene expression and body segment identity. Drosophila Ash1 interacts with trithorax to regulate ultrabithorax expression. The human ASH1L gene spans 227.5 kb on chromosome 1, band q22. This region is rearranged in a variety of human cancers such as leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and some solid tumors. The gene is expressed in multiple tissues, with highest levels in brain, kidney, and heart, as a 10.5-kb mRNA transcript. Mutations in ASH1L in humans have been associated with autism, epilepsy, and intellectual disability.
Assessment of kidney function occurs in different ways, using the presence of symptoms and signs, as well as measurements using urine tests, blood tests, and medical imaging. Functions of a healthy kidney include maintaining a person's fluid balance, maintaining an acid-base balance; regulating sodium and other electrolytes; clearing toxins; regulating blood pressure; and regulating hormones, such as erythropoietin; and activation of vitamin D. The kidney is also involved in maintaining blood pH balance.
A packaging gas is used to pack sensitive materials such as food into a modified atmosphere environment. The gas used is usually inert, or of a nature that protects the integrity of the packaged goods, inhibiting unwanted chemical reactions such as food spoilage or oxidation. Some may also serve as a propellant for aerosol sprays like cans of whipped cream. For packaging food, the use of various gases is approved by regulatory organisations. In the food sector (modified atmosphere packaging, MAP), the gas composition—typically N₂/CO₂ and, depending on the product, O₂—is selected to manage respiration and microbial growth; the atmosphere is applied by flushing the pack or by in-line injection. FAO guidance describes principles and uses, while manufacturer application notes provide examples of common gases and supply arrangements used in industry. Their E numbers are included in the following lists in parentheses. These gas types do not cause a chemical change to the substance that they protect.
== Applications == Owing to its scarcity, high price and radioactivity, 227Ac currently has no significant industrial use, but 225Ac is currently being studied for use in cancer treatments such as targeted alpha therapies. 227Ac is highly radioactive and was therefore studied for use as an active element of radioisotope thermoelectric generators, for example, in spacecraft. The oxide of 227Ac pressed with beryllium is also an efficient neutron source with the activity exceeding that of the standard americium-beryllium and radium-beryllium pairs. In all those applications, 227Ac (a beta source) is merely a progenitor which generates alpha-emitting isotopes upon its decay. Beryllium captures alpha particles and emits neutrons owing to its large cross-section for the (α,n) nuclear reaction:
In 2022, the FDA stated that "scientific studies show possible harm to the male reproductive system, including testicular atrophy, harm to the liver, and interactions with certain medications. The FDA has not found adequate information showing how much CBD can be consumed, and for how long, before causing harm. This is particularly true for vulnerable populations like children and those who are pregnant."
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Barnsley won the 2006 League One play-off final and remained in the Championship for eight seasons. Relegated in 2014, they won both the 2016 Football League Trophy final and the 2016 League One play-off final, though this time spent just two seasons in the Championship. In 2017, a majority stake in the club was sold to a consortium that included Chien Lee, Neerav Parekh and Billy Beane. Barnsley won promotion from League One with a second-place finish in the year 2019, before being relegated out of the Championship again in the year of 2022. Barnsley have spent more seasons and played more games at the second level of English football than any other team. The club's main rivals are fellow Yorkshire clubs Sheffield Wednesday, Sheffield United, Leeds United, Huddersfield Town and Rotherham United.
=== Children === Artesunate is safe for use in children. Artesunate + sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine should be avoided in the newborns due to sulfadoxine/pyrmethamine effects on bilirubin. Parenteral artesunate dosing for treatment of severe malaria in children less than 20 kg should be higher than that of adults in order to increase exposure. When artesunate cannot be given orally or intramuscularly due to an individual's weakness or inability to swallow, rectal administration may be given as pre-referral treatment as long as parenteral administration is initiated after transfer to a more advanced facility.
While nylon was marketed as the durable and indestructible material of the people, it was sold at about one-and-a-half times the price of silk stockings ($4.27 per pound of nylon versus $2.79 per pound of silk). Sales of nylon stockings were strong in part due to changes in women's fashion. As Lauren Olds explains: "by 1939 [hemlines] had inched back up to the knee, closing the decade just as it started off". The shorter skirts were accompanied by a demand for stockings that offered fuller coverage without the use of garters to hold them up. However, as of February 11, 1942, nylon production was redirected from being a consumer material to one used by the military. DuPont's production of nylon stockings and other lingerie stopped, and most manufactured nylon was used to make parachutes and tents for World War II. Although nylon stockings already made before the war could be purchased, they were generally sold on the black market for as high as $20. Once the war ended, the return of nylon was awaited with great anticipation. Although DuPont projected yearly production of 360 million pairs of stockings, there were delays in converting back to consumer rather than wartime production. In 1946, the demand for nylon stockings could not be satisfied, which led to the nylon riots. In one instance, an estimated 40,000 people lined up in Pittsburgh to buy 13,000 pairs of nylons. In the meantime, women cut up nylon tents and parachutes left from the war in order to make blouses and wedding dresses.
The E1 subunit, called the pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit, is either a homodimer (comprising two "α" chains, e.g. in Escherichia coli) or a heterotetramer of two different chains (two "α" and two "β" chains). A magnesium ion forms a 4-coordinate complex with three, polar amino acid residues (Asp, Asn, and Tyr) located on the alpha chain, and the thiamine diphosphate (TPP) cofactor directly involved in decarboxylation of the pyruvate.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Thermoresponsive polymers can be used as the stationary phase in liquid chromatography. Here, the polarity of the stationary phase can be varied by temperature changes, altering the power of separation without changing the column or solvent composition. Thermally related benefits of gas chromatography can now be applied to classes of compounds that are restricted to liquid chromatography due to their thermolability. In place of solvent gradient elution, thermoresponsive polymers allow the use of temperature gradients under purely aqueous isocratic conditions. The versatility of the system is controlled not only by changing temperature, but also by adding modifying moieties that allow for a choice of enhanced hydrophobic interaction, or by introducing the prospect of electrostatic interaction. These developments have already brought major improvements to the fields of hydrophobic interaction chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, and affinity chromatography separations, as well as pseudo-solid phase extractions ("pseudo" because of phase transitions).
== Features == SENP1 (Sentrin-specific protease 1) is a human protease of 643 amino acids with a molecular weight of 73 kDa, EC number in humans 3.4.22.B70. It adopts a conformation that identifies it as a member of the superfamily of cysteine proteases, which contain a catalytic triad with three characterized amino acids: a cysteine at position 603, a histidine at position 533 and aspartic acid at position 550. The primary nucleophile is cysteine located at the N-terminal alpha helix of the protein core. The other two amino acids, aspartate and histidine, are located in the end of a beta sheet.
== Lead-like == During drug discovery, lipophilicity and molecular weight are often increased in order to improve the affinity and selectivity of the drug candidate. As a result, it is often difficult to maintain drug-likeness (i.e., RO5 compliance) during hit and lead optimization. To solve this problem, it has been proposed that members of screening libraries from which hits are discovered should be biased toward lower molecular weight and lipophilicity so that medicinal chemists will have an easier time in delivering optimized drug development candidates that are also drug-like. Hence the rule of five has been extended to the rule of three (RO3) for defining lead-like compounds. A rule of three compliant compound is defined as one that has:
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It belongs to the melanocortin receptor agonist family of peptides. Its cyclic structure distinguishes it from linear peptides and shapes its receptor binding profile.
It emerged from research on melanotan II. Investigators exploring derivatives observed distinct pharmacological features related to sexual function.
Common names include bremelanotide and PT-141. Chemical databases may also list early development codes and descriptive names.
The code designates bremelanotide, a cyclic heptapeptide melanocortin receptor agonist. It served as an internal research identifier before the compound entered formal clinical development. The code and the generic name refer to the same molecule.